1. Indictment and Information--spelling of defendant's name--correction
The trial court did not err in a prosecution for robbery and assault by allowing the State
to amend the indictment on the first day of the trial to correct the spelling of defendant's last
name. Although a change in the name of the victim is a substantial change, a change in the
spelling of defendant's name to add one letter is not a substantial alteration. Defendant cannot
seriously argue that he was unaware of the charges against him.
2. Evidence--cross-examination--impeachment of credibility--cumulative
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in a prosecution for robbery and assault by not
allowing defendant to cross-examine a witness for the State regarding the witness's dismissal
from the restaurant which was subsequently robbed. Defendant had cross-examined the witness
and the jury had before it evidence with which to evaluate his credibility. The court properly
exercised its broad discretion in limiting the scope of cross-examination.
3. Assault--intent to kill--instructions
The trial court's instruction in a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon with intent
to kill did not lessen the State's burden of proof where the instruction stated that the State must
prove that defendant assaulted the victim by stabbing him or intentionally causing him to be
cut. The jury was asked to and did find specific intent to kill separate from any finding of the
manner in which the victim came to be stabbed.
4. Assault--intent to kill--sufficiency of evidence
The charge of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill was improperly submitted
to the jury, but assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury was properly submitted,
where defendant sneaked into a restaurant before it opened and ambushed the victim; defendant
threatened the victim with a knife, repeating, If you don't give me what I want, and, You're
going to give me what I want; defendant put down the knife, picked up lighter fluid, and
threatened to burn the victim; the victim grabbed the knife and the two struggled; defendant was
slightly injured and the victim was stabbed in the chest; and defendant ran from the scene.
Entering the premises without attempting to hide his identity does not lead to the conclusion that
defendant intended to kill the victim and leave no witnesses, and subsequently telling a State's
witness that he would have gotten away with it if he had had a gun only allows conjecture by a
jury that defendant intended to kill.
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 30 October 1997by Judge William C. Gore, Jr., in New Hanover County Superior
Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 17 May 1999.
Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney
General Laura E. Crumpler, for the State.
Nora Henry Hargrove for defendant-appellant.
LEWIS, Judge.
Defendant was tried at the 27 October 1997 Session of New
Hanover County Superior Court for the 10 January 1996 attempted
robbery of TGI Friday's and assault on the manager, David Love.
Charges of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill
inflicting serious injury, assault with a deadly weapon
inflicting serious injury, and attempted robbery with a dangerous
weapon were submitted to the jury. The jury convicted defendant
of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting
serious injury and attempted robbery with a dangerous weapon;
defendant appeals.
[1]Defendant first contends that the trial court
erroneously allowed the prosecution to amend the indictment on
the first day of the trial to correct the spelling of defendant's
last name. Defendant contends that this action was in violation
of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-923(e) (1997), which prohibits amendment
of indictments. Defendant claims that the amendment changed hisdefense "from 'that is not me' to something else." We find this
argument unpersuasive.
It is well established that amendments 'which would
substantially alter the charge set forth in the indictment'" are
prohibited. State v. Price, 310 N.C. 596, 598, 313 S.E.2d 556,
558 (1984)(quoting State v. Carrington, 35 N.C. App. 53, 58, 240
S.E.2d 475, 478, disc. review denied, 294 N.C. 737, 244 S.E.2d
155 (1978)). See also State v. Brinson, 337 N.C. 764, 767, 448
S.E.2d 822, 824 (1994); State v. Colvin, 92 N.C. App. 152, 156,
374 S.E.2d 126, 130 (1988), disc. review denied, 324 N.C. 249,
377 S.E.2d 758 (1989). A change in the spelling of defendant's
last name is a mere clerical correction of the truest kind;
defendant cannot seriously argue that he was unaware of the
charges against him because one letter was missing from his last
name. See Colvin, id. Although defendant's defense was that he
was not the perpetrator of the crime, he did not claim that the
perpetrator was a man named Craig Grisby, as his name was spelled
on the indictment. Defendant was identified at trial by
witnesses as the man who discussed robbing the store and as the
man who indeed assaulted David Love; defendant was aware that he
was the man on trial for the crimes charged. Although a change
in the name of the victim is a substantial change, see State v.
Abraham, 338 N.C. 315, 340, 451 S.E.2d 131, 144 (1994), a changein the spelling of defendant's name, adding one letter, is not
such a substantial alteration. "We conclude the amendment to
the indictment was permissible because it did not substantially
alter the charge in the original indictment." Brinson, 337 N.C.
at 767, 448 S.E.2d at 824. This assignment of error is
overruled.
[2]Defendant next argues that he should have been allowed
to cross-examine Raymond Bates, a witness for the State,
regarding Bates's dismissal from employment at TGI Friday's. The
testimony was as follows:
Q: And Mr. Bates, you were fired for stealing
ribs, is that right, sir?
MS. EDWARDS: Objection, Your Honor.
THE WITNESS: Allegedly.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MS. EDWARDS: Move to strike.
THE COURT: Motion to strike is allowed. Disregard the
last question from counsel, please.
Rule 608(b) allows cross-examination regarding specific acts
of misconduct if the purpose of such questions is to show conduct
indicating character for truthfulness, the questions in fact are
probative of truthfulness, the act did not result in a criminal
conviction, and the acts are not too remote in time. See State
v. Bell, 338 N.C. 363, 382, 450 S.E.2d 710, 720 (1994), cert.denied, 515 U.S. 1163, 132 L. Ed. 2d 861 (1995). "[I]t is within
the trial court's discretion to allow or disallow cross-
examination of a witness about his specific acts if the acts are
relevant to his character for truthfulness or untruthfulness."
State v. Hunt, 339 N.C. 622, 658, 457 S.E.2d 276, 297 (1994),
reconsideration denied, 339 N.C. 741, 457 S.E.2d 304 (1995). Our
Supreme Court has held that questions regarding alleged larceny
and conspiracy to commit larceny "without more, are not
necessarily probative of [the witness's] propensity for
truthfulness." Bell, 338 N.C. at 382-83, 450 S.E.2d at 721.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in preventing
defendant from cross-examining Bates about any alleged theft of
ribs. Defendant had cross-examined Bates and impeached him with
evidence that Bates waited four months before admitting he knew
about the robbery, experienced a messy break-up with defendant's
sister, and had "bad blood" with defendant. Defendant concedes
in his brief that the ribs-related questions were designed "to
further impeach Bates (emphasis added). As such, he indicates
that the jury had evidence before it with which to evaluate
Bates' credibility. See id. at 383, 450 S.E.2d at 721. The
trial court properly exercised its broad discretion in limiting
the scope of cross-examination. See State v. Call, 349 N.C. 382,
411, 508 S.E.2d 496, 514 (1998). This assignment of error isoverruled.
[3]Defendant next argues that the instructions given to the
jury lessened the State's burden of proof. Defendant objected to
the italicized portions of the following instructions:
Now, I charge that for you to find the
defendant guilty of assault with a deadly
weapon with intent to kill, inflicting
serious injury, the state must prove four
things, beyond a reasonable doubt: First,
that the defendant assaulted the victim by
stabbing him or intentionally causing him to
be cut. Second, that the defendant used a
deadly weapon. A deadly weapon is a weapon
which is likely to cause death or serious
bodily injury. . . . Third, the state must
prove that the defendant had the specific
intent to kill the victim.
. . . .
Fourth, ladies and gentlemen, the state must
prove that the defendant inflicted serious
injury upon the victim.
So I charge you that if you find from the
evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that on
or about the alleged date, the defendant
intentionally stabbed or caused the victim to
be cut with a knife and that the knife was a
deadly weapon and that the defendant intended
to kill the victim and did seriously injure
him, it would be your duty to return a
verdict of guilty of assault with a deadly
weapon with the intent to kill, inflicting
serious injury; however, if you do not so
find, or have a reasonable doubt as to one or
more of these things, you will not return a
verdict of guilty . . . and you must consider
whether the defendant is guilty of assault
with a deadly weapon inflicting seriousinjury.
(Emphasis added). Defendant contends on appeal that the addition
of the language "causing him to be cut" lightened the State's
burden in proving intent to kill. We disagree. Defendant cites
case law that is inapposite to his position, and the instructions
clearly indicate that the jury was asked to and did find specific
intent to kill separate from any finding of the manner in which
the victim came to be stabbed. Instructions are to be read as a
whole, see State v. Lynch, 340 N.C. 435, 464-65, 459 S.E.2d 679,
693 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1143, 134 L. Ed. 2d 558
(1996), and we find no error in these.
[4]Defendant's final contention is that the trial court
erred in denying his motion to dismiss at the close of the
State's evidence. He argues that "the evidence was insufficient
to show that the defendant assaulted David Love with the intent
to kill."
In considering a motion to dismiss, the
evidence must be considered in the light most
favorable to the State, and the State is
entitled to every reasonable inference to be
drawn therefrom. The test of whether the
evidence is sufficient to withstand a motion
to dismiss is whether a reasonable inference
of defendant's guilt may be drawn therefrom,
and the test is the same whether the evidence
is direct or circumstantial.
State v. Gainey, 343 N.C. 79, 85, 468 S.E.2d 227, 231 (1996)(citation omitted). Defendant contends that the trial court
allowed "the fact that an injury was inflicted [to] prove
specific intent to kill."
Defendant is correct that intent to kill is an essential
element of the offense of which he was convicted. See State v.
Reid, 335 N.C. 647, 654, 440 S.E.2d 776, 780 (1994). He is also
correct that the injury to Love, standing alone, does not
establish his intent to kill. State v. White, 307 N.C. 42, 49,
296 S.E.2d 267, 271 (1982). Moreover, the State must show that
defendant had an actual intent to kill in assaulting Love, rather
than an intention merely to intimidate. See State v. Irwin, 55
N.C. App. 305, 309-10, 285 S.E.2d 345, 349 (1982) (holding charge
of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill improperly
submitted to jury since defendant threatened to kill the victim
only if she and others failed to comply with his demands and thus
had no intent to kill in his assault of her). "[T]he nature of
the assault, the manner in which it was made, the weapon, if any,
used, and the surrounding circumstances are all matters from
which an intent to kill may be inferred." White, 307 N.C. at 49,
296 S.E.2d at 271. The State's evidence tended to show that
defendant sneaked into TGI Friday's before it opened and ambushed
David Love. Defendant threatened Love with a knife, repeating,
"If you don't give me what I want, and, You're going to give mewhat I want." Defendant put down the knife, picked up lighter
fluid, and threatened to burn Love. Love grabbed the knife, and
defendant jumped on Love's back. The two struggled for the
knife; defendant was slightly injured and Love was stabbed in the
chest. Defendant ran from the scene.
Viewing this evidence, as we must, in the light most
favorable to the State, see State v. Moore, 335 N.C. 567, 604,
440 S.E.2d 797, 818, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 898, 130 L. Ed. 2d
174 (1994), we hold that sufficient evidence was not presented
from which a jury could find defendant assaulted Love with the
intent to kill him. 'When a defendant moves for dismissal, the
trial court is to determine only whether there is substantial
evidence of each essential element of the offense charged and of
the defendant being the perpetrator of the offense.'" Id. at
603, 440 S.E.2d at 818 (quoting State v. Vause, 328 N.C. 231,
236, 400 S.E.2d 57, 61 (1991)). Substantial evidence in this
context must be "real, not just seeming or imaginary." State v.
Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 99, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980).
The State argues that defendant entered the premises without
attempting to hide his identity and that this leads to the
conclusion that he intended to leave no witnesses to his crime
and therefore intended to kill Love. We believe this leap of
inference is more than the evidence will support and more thanour law allows. The State also argues that defendant told one of
the State's witnesses that he would have "got [sic] away with it"
if he had had a gun. This, too, allows conjecture by the jury
that defendant intended to kill Love; it provides no substantial
evidence to support such a determination. The charge of assault
with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious
injury was improperly submitted to the jury.
The lesser included offense of assault with a deadly weapon
inflicting serious injury was properly submitted, however. Each
of the elements of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting
serious injury was necessarily found in defendant's conviction
for the greater crime of assault with a deadly weapon with intent
to kill inflicting serious injury. See Irwin, 55 N.C. App. at
310, 285 S.E.2d at 350. We hold only that there was not
sufficient evidence of defendant's intent to kill. Therefore,
this case is remanded for entry of a verdict of guilty on the
lesser included offense of assault with a deadly weapon
inflicting serious injury and for resentencing. We find no error
in defendant's conviction for attempted robbery with a dangerous
weapon. A new trial is not warranted.
No error in part; vacated and remanded in part.
Chief Judge EAGLES and Judge HORTON concur.
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