2. Evidence--prior sexual behavior of victim--child's sexual acts
3. Witnesses--cross-examination--no prosecutorial misconduct
4. Witnesses--cross-examination--defendant conferring with attorney--no
prosecutorial misconduct
5. Criminal Law--Anders appeal--inappropriate
The trial court did not err in a prosecution for indecent liberties, first-degree statutory
sexual offense, and sexual activity by a custodian by excluding testimony relating an instance of
sexual behavior by the victim. Rule 412 prohibits introduction of evidence of a complainants's
sexual behavior during prosecution of a rape or sexual offense unless such evidence is relevant;
moreover, any error was harmless because other children testified to sexual abuse by defendant
and
there was other evidence establishing that the victim had prior knowledge of sexual matters
and the ability to fabric allegations.
There was no prejudicial error in a prosecution for
An Anders appeal was inappropriate where defendant argued four assignments of error,
indicating a belief that the appeal was not wholly without merit.
Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney
General Celia Grasty Lata, for the State.
Adrian M. Lapas for defendant-appellant.
LEWIS, Judge.
Following indictment by a grand jury on twenty-seven counts,
defendant was convicted on eight counts of taking indecent
liberties with a child, four counts of first degree statutory sex
offense, and two counts of sexual activity by a custodian in
Wayne County Superior Court. We find ample evidence to support
the findings of guilt by the jury on all charges. Defendant
appeals, making three arguments.
[1]At the outset we note that defendant attempted to file a
supplemental brief more than nine months after the printed record
on appeal was mailed, significantly in excess of the thirty days
allowed by Rule 13(a) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure for
filing an appellant's brief. Defendant did not timely seek an
extension of time to file his brief and because this Court and
the appellant are bound by the Rules of Appellate Procedure,
Steingress v. Steingress, 350 N.C. 64, 65, 511 S.E.2d 298, 299(1999), the supplemental brief will not be considered.
[2]Defendant's first argument on appeal is that the trial
court's exclusion of evidence concerning alleged prior sexual
behavior of the victim was reversible error. Defendant sought to
introduce evidence by "T", a nine-year-old child, that six weeks
prior to being placed in the Trogden home, T saw "M", the victim
in this case, performing fellatio on T's younger brother and
forcing the child to reciprocate the act. The trial court denied
defendant's motion after hearing argument that Rule 412 barred
introduction of the evidence in question. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-
1, N.C.R. Evid. 412 (1992).
Rule 412 prohibits introduction of evidence of the
complainant's sexual behavior during prosecution of a rape or sex
offense unless such evidence is relevant. Sexual behavior is
defined by Rule 412(a) as "sexual activity of the complainant
other than the sexual act which is at issue in the indictment on
trial." The excluded testimony illustrates an instance of sexual
behavior between M and another child, which was not the sexual
act at issue in the indictment on trial.
Relevant evidence is defined in Rule 412(b) as any evidence
of sexual behavior which:
(1) Was between the complainant and the defendant; or
(2) Is evidence of specific instances of sexualbehavior offered for the purpose of showing that the act or acts
charged were not committed by the defendant; or
(3) Is evidence of a pattern of sexual behavior so
distinctive and so closely resembling the defendant's version of
the alleged encounter with the complainant as to tend to prove
that such complainant consented to the act or acts charged or
behaved in such a manner as to lead the defendant reasonably to
believe that the complainant consented; or
(4) Is evidence of sexual behavior offered as the
basis of expert psychological or psychiatric opinion that the
complainant fantasized or invented the act or acts charged.
Without a determination by the court that the sexual
behavior is relevant under Rule 412(b), no such evidence may be
introduced in any trial of a charge of rape or a sex offense.
Id. § 412(d).
Defendant sought to admit T's statements referencing M's
past sexual behavior under Rule 412(b)(2) at trial. This is not
the type of evidence offered for the purpose of showing that the
acts charged were not committed by defendant under Rule
412(b)(2). State v. Bass, 121 N.C. App. 306, 310, 465 S.E.2d
334, 336 (1996). As the trial court noted, since M testified at
trial that defendant showed him how to perform sexual acts,
defense counsel was not prohibited from cross-examining M
concerning the way in which he learned to do such acts, so long
as the cross-examination did not refer to specific acts.
Defendant also argues that beyond the four categories ofrelevance listed under Rule 412, evidence of M's prior sexual
behavior was relevant to show that M had prior knowledge of
sexual matters and therefore had the ability to fabricate
testimony regarding abuse by the defendant. This Court addressed
a similar argument in Bass.
In Bass, the trial court excluded statements by a child
victim indicating that she had been similarly abused by her uncle
three years earlier. Id. at 308-09, 465 S.E.2d at 335-36. On
appeal, defendant argued that the evidence was relevant to show
that the child had requisite knowledge to fabricate testimony
about her abuse by defendant. This Court stated in Bass:
Defendant's contention is contrary to Rule
412 and unsupported by the law of this
jurisdiction. To agree with defendant's
contention would be to substantially restrict
the effect of Rule 412, and allow admission
of a wide variety of previous sexual
activities over Rule 412 objection.
Id. at 311, 465 S.E.2d at 337. Accordingly, we conclude that M's
testimony is not relevant and therefore inadmissible.
Even if it was error to exclude this evidence, it was
harmless. It is not sufficient for the defendant to merely
allege error. He must show that absent the trial court's
allegedly erroneous exclusion of evidence, a different result
would have obtained. Lawing v. Lawing, 81 N.C. App. 159, 162,344 S.E.2d 100, 104 (1986) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, N.C.R.
Civ. P. 61).
The State's evidence tended to show that M and seven other
children testified as to some experience of sexual abuse by
defendant; the testimony of eight adult witnesses corroborated
the children's evidence. Defendant conceded at trial that there
was substantial evidence as to every element of each crime
charged. Furthermore, the jury heard testimony from defendant
and from a social worker that M was sexually molested in earlier
years by a babysitter. The evidence of M's prior sexual behavior
was not necessary to establish that M had prior knowledge of
sexual matters and hence the ability to fabricate allegations
against defendant. We therefore find that a determination by the
trial court to admit evidence of M's past sexual behavior would
not have produced a different outcome and there was no reversible
error.
[3]Defendant also argues that two aspects of the State's
cross-examination constituted prosecutorial misconduct. The
defendant first labels as prejudicial the following dialogue
between the prosecutor and defendant's father:
Q. How did you feel about [M]? Did
you love him?
A. Yes, ma'am.
Q. But you're willing to destroy him
in order to save your son, aren't you? [Objection; overruled]
A. [Witness does not answer]
Q. You can go in and you can tell this
jury that you saw him humping a
dog, . . . you do not care about
[M], you can trash him to
save your son?
[Objection; overruled]
Q. I'll withdraw that. That's all.
[Defense counsel asks to strike;
denied]
T. at 1120-21. Defendant principally relies on State v.
Sanderson, 336 N.C. 1, 442 S.E.2d 33 (1994), to argue that the
prosecutor degraded and brought the witness into ridicule or
contempt. We disagree.
In Sanderson the court found that during the cross-
examination of an expert witness, the prosecutor "insulted her,
degraded her, and attempted to distort her testimony," id. at 11,
442 S.E.2d at 40, and "maligned, continually interrupted and
bullied" her, id. at 15, 442 S.E.2d at 41. The prosecutor in
Sanderson attempted to distort the expert's testimony by
"insist[ing] on yes or no answers to compound, convoluted
questions, then cut[ting] her off before she could explain." Id.
at 13, 442 S.E.2d at 40.
The prosecutor's statements in this case did not resemble
those statements of the prosecutor in Sanderson, and did not rise
to the levels of insult, degradation or pervasive badgering held
to constitute prosecutorial misconduct in Sanderson. The cross-examination focused on the witness' credibility, given that he is
the defendant's father. This assignment of error is dismissed.
[4]Defendant also complains that the trial court allowed
the prosecutor to improperly question defendant during cross-
examination. The allegedly improper questioning is as follows:
Q. Now, Mr. Trogden, you used some notes  
;
before lunch to testify by. Could I see
your notes, please?
A. Sure.
Q. Now, let me see. Your mother used notes
when she testified too; is that correct?
A. To dates.
Q. Yeah. And how about your father? Did
he use notes when he testified?
A. I don't believe so.
Q. Who all did you go over this information
with?
A. I did that last night myself.
Q. Okay. You didn't go over this with your
lawyers; is that what you're telling us?
A. I said [I] was in my cell when I did it.
Q. Well, did you go over the information--
[Objection; overruled]
Q. You did not go over this information
with your lawyers?
A. That's correct . . .
Q. Okay. Have you gotten together with
your lawyers and your family back there
to talk about what everybody
was going to say?
A. No. We had talked about all the plea &nbs
p;
bargains you had to offer.
T. at 1224-26. Defendant contends that the prosecutor's
questions seriously undermined defendant's credibility and
"denigrate[d] in front of the jury that right to fully discuss
and prepare defendant's case." We disagree. The State's cross-examination did not suggest that defendant
improperly discussed his case with counsel or family members to
prepare for trial. We note that the scope of cross-examination
is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge, State
v. Bronson, 333 N.C. 67, 79, 423 S.E.2d 772, 779 (1992), and
conclude the court committed no prejudicial error in allowing
this cross-examination. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a) (1997).
This assignment of error is dismissed.
[5]The defendant next asks us to review the record pursuant
to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493, reh'g
denied, 388 U.S. 924, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1377 (1967), to determine
whether any error occurred which would require a new trial.
Generally, an appellant's attorney should ask this Court to
search the record for error pursuant to Anders "only where
counsel believes the whole appeal is without merit." State v.
Wynne, 329 N.C. 507, 522, 406 S.E.2d 812, 820 (1991) (emphasis
added). Counsel for defendant, however, has argued four
assignments of error, indicating his belief that defendant's
appeal is not wholly without merit. An Anders review is
inappropriate in this case. Otherwise, counsel could make
assignments of error and perfunctorily tack on a request for an
Anders review.
No error. Judges MARTIN and HUNTER concur.
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