1. Constitutional Law--vagueness--Excessive Fines Clause--dissemination of obscenity statute
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by fining defendant corporation $50,000.00 under
N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.17(b) for dissemination of obscenity for selling two adult-theme magazines to a
police officer in violation of N.C.G.S. § 14-190.1 even though defendant contends N.C.G.S. § 15A-
1340.17(b) is unconstitutional on the grounds that the statute is vague or that it violates the Excessive
Fines Clause under U.S. Const. amend. VIII and N.C. Const. art. I, § 27, because: (1) the legislature
properly delineated the standards that should be followed in setting a fine as punishment for the crime;
and (2) defendant's fine is not grossly disproportionate to the crime committed when the crime was a
felony, the legislature has determined this crime to be more than minimally harmful to the community, the
money to be forfeited was directly related to illegal activities, and the fine is not excessive when compared
to defendant's financial resources available to pay the fine.
2. Obscenity--sexually oriented business--belief engaged in activity protected by Constitution
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by fining defendant corporation $50,000.00 under
N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.17(b) for dissemination of obscenity for selling two adult-theme magazines to a
police officer in violation of N.C.G.S. § 14-190.1 even though defendant contends it believed it was
engaged in activity protected by the Constitution, because: (1) dissemination of obscenity is not protected
by any constitutional guarantees; (2) defendant has previously been confronted by the laws prohibiting the
dissemination of obscenity; and (3) defendant's failure to challenge its underlying conviction for
disseminating obscenity means it cannot now challenge its punishment on the theory that its underlying
conduct was not illegal.
3. Obscenity--sexually oriented business--mitigating factor of reasonable belief conduct was
legal
The trial court did not err in a dissemination of obscenity case by failing to find the existence of
the N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(e)(1) statutory mitigating circumstance that defendant corporation reasonably
believed its conduct was legal, because there is significant reason to doubt defendant's credibility that it
presumed its conduct was lawful when defendant's employee was previously convicted of this same
offense.
4. Judgments--form--signature of trial court
The trial court did not err in a dissemination of obscenity case by allegedly failing to sign the
judgment form finding defendant guilty, because: (1) the form provides two areas for the judge's signature
including one directly beneath the judgment and the other located at the bottom of the form below the
section giving the notice of appeal; and (2) the trial court signed the second signature area at the bottom of
the form.
Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General
Amy C. Kunstling, for the State.
Alexander Charns for defendant-appellant.
CAMPBELL, Judge.
Defendant corporation, Sanford Video and News, Inc., was convicted
of one count of dissemination of obscenity for selling two adult-theme
magazines to a Sanford police officer in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. §
14-190.1 (1999). Under this statute, a violation is a Class I felony.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.1(g) (1999). Ordinarily, a defendant, if an
individual person, would be subject to imprisonment for this offense.
However, as defendant here is a corporation, under our structured
sentencing statute it is only subject to a fine. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1340.17(b) (1999)(“[W]hen the defendant is other than an individual, the
judgment may consist of a fine only. Unless otherwise provided, the
amount of the fine is in the discretion of the court.”) The trial court,
in its discretion granted under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(b), fined
defendant $50,000.00. Defendant now appeals to this Court, finding no
fault with the underlying conviction, but with what it argues is an
“excessive” fine.
[1]Defendant's first two contentions challenge N.C. Gen. Stat. §
15A-1340.17(b) on the grounds that it is vague, and therefore facially
unconstitutional, and that the statute is unconstitutional as applied to
defendant. We do not agree.
Defendant alleges that we must find N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1340.17(b), when read in conjunction with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.1 (the
dissemination of obscenity statute), unconstitutional on its face because
it is “facially vague.” The test for “vagueness” recognized by our
Supreme Court holds that “a statute is unconstitutionally vague if it
either: (1) fails to 'give the person of ordinary intelligence a
reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited'; or (2) fails to'provide explicit standards for those who apply [the law].'” St
ate v.
Green, 348 N.C. 588, 597, 502 S.E.2d 819, 824 (1998), cert. denied, 525
U.S. 1111, 142 L. Ed. 2d 783 (1999) (quoting Grayned v. City of Rockford,
408 U.S. 104, 108, 33 L. Ed. 2d 222, 227 (1972)).
As defendant did not challenge its conviction, but solely its
punishment, defendant's argument only involves the second prong of this
test, i.e., whether N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(b) fails to “'provide
explicit standards for those who apply [the law].'” Id.
As noted above, when a corporate defendant is charged with a crime
punishable under our structured sentencing act, it is only subject to a
fine. The amount of the fine is left to the sound discretion of the
trial court. Defendant contends that because the amount of the fine is
within the court's discretion, “[o]n its face, the statutory scheme
allows a trial judge to set a fine at any amount for a corporate
defendant with no prior criminal record.”
We begin by noting that “[t]rial judges have broad discretion in
determining the proper punishment for crime,” and that “[t]heir judgment
will not be disturbed unless there is a showing of abuse of discretion,
procedural conduct prejudicial to the defendant, or circumstances which
manifest inherent unfairness.” State v. Wilkins, 297 N.C. 237, 246, 254
S.E.2d 598, 604 (1979); State v. Williams, 65 N.C. App. 472, 478, 310
S.E.2d 83, 87 (1983). However, this discretion is not unbridled. In
exercising its discretion, the trial court must take into account the
nature of the crime, the level of the offense, and the aggravating and
mitigating factors, just as it would in setting the length of
imprisonment for a defendant. In addition, when the punishment allows
for a fine, our statutes have provided that “[i]n determining the method
of payment of a fine, the court should consider the burden that paymentwill impose in view of the financial resources of the defendant.
8; N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-1362(a) (1999). Therefore, we conclude that the
legislature has properly delineated the standards that should be followed
in setting a fine as punishment for a crime, and that N.C. Gen. Stat. §
15A-1340.17(b) is not unconstitutional on its face.
We next consider whether N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(b) is
unconstitutional as applied to defendant. Defendant contends that due to
the nature of the crime committed and due to defendant's financial
situation, a fine of $50,000.00 is in violation of the Excessive Fines
Clause, and that the statute is therefore unconstitutional as applied.
U.S. Const. amend. VIII; N.C. Const. art. I, § 27. To our knowledge,
this issue is one of first impression in North Carolina. Therefore, we
look to cases which have been decided by the United States Supreme Court
that deal with the Excessive Fines Clause.
The Excessive Fines Clause, as is indicated by its name, prohibits
the government from imposing excessive fines as punishment for a crime.
As the wording of the clause under our North Carolina Constitution is
identical to that of the United States Constitution, our analysis is the
same under both provisions. U.S. Const. amend. VIII; N.C. Const. art. I,
§ 27.
Although the United States Supreme Court had previously discussed
the Excessive Fines Clause, it actually applied the clause for the first
time in United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 327, 141 L. Ed. 2d
314, 325 (1998), where it held that the forfeiture of $357,144.00 for a
violation of a reporting statute, constituted an excessive fine and was
thus unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment.
The defendant in Bajakajian pled guilty to a violation of 31 U.S.C.
§ 5316(a)(1)(A), which made it a crime to transport more than $10,000.00out of the country without notifying customs officials. Pursu
ant to 18
U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), a willful violation of this statute required
forfeiture of the property involved, which the government argued
required a forfeiture of the entire $357,144.00. The United States
Supreme Court disagreed, however, stating that due to the punitive nature
of the forfeiture, it was in essence a “fine” and thus subject to the
Excessive Fines Clause. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 328, 141 L. Ed. 2d at
325. Turning then to the clause itself, the Court said: “[t]he
touchstone of the constitutional inquiry under the Excessive Fines Clause
is the principle of proportionality: The amount of the forfeiture must
bear some relationship to the gravity of the offense that it is designed
to punish.” Id. at 334, 141 L. Ed. 2d at 329.
The Court then set forth the test to be followed in determining
whether a punitive forfeiture is excessive, holding that “a punitive
forfeiture violates the Excessive Fines Clause if it is grossly
disproportional to the gravity of a defendant's offense.” Id. (Emphasis
added.) Under this test, the Court held the forfeiture was
unconstitutional, since the offense in question was only a reporting
violation and the funds to be forfeited were not the proceeds of any
illegal activity, i.e., the funds were not connected to any other crime,
and defendant was using the money to pay a lawful debt. The Court
further held that the defendant's violation had caused only minimal harm,
stating, “[h]ad his crime gone undetected, the Government would have been
deprived only of the information that $357,144 had left the country.”
Id. at 339, 141 L. Ed. 2d 332. Therefore, a forfeiture of the entire
$357,144.00 was grossly disproportionate to the gravity of the offense.
We find the grossly disproportionate test to be applicable to the
case sub judice. Applying this test to the facts before us, we concludethat defendant's $50,000.00 fine for the crime of dis
seminating obscenity
is not grossly disproportionate, and therefore does not violate the
Excessive Fines Clause.
Defendant asserts that the $50,000.00 fine imposed by the trial
court is excessive because it is disproportionate to the crime committed.
Defendant argues that the offense here, disseminating obscenity, is “the
lowest level felony - I - under North Carolina law,” and that a
$50,000.00 fine is therefore disproportionate to the level of offense.
We disagree on several grounds.
First, although disseminating obscenity is a low level felony, it is
still a felony offense. This, in and of itself, connotes the seriousness
of the crime, unlike that of the reporting violation in Bajakajian, which
was considered a minor offense. Second, the dissemination of obscenity
has been determined by our legislature to be more than minimally harmful
to the community in that such dissemination has been made a criminal
offense. Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 32-33 n.13, 37 L. Ed. 2d
419, 435-36 n.13 (1973) (“Obscene material may be validly regulated by a
State in the exercise of its traditional local power to protect the
general welfare of its population . . . .”). Third, unlike Bajakajian,
the money to be forfeited was “unrelated to any other illegal
activities.” Id. at 338, 141 L. Ed. 2d at 332. Here defendant obtained
its money directly from the sale of obscene materials--a clear violation
of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.1--and for which the fine of $50,000.00 was
imposed as punishment. Other jurisdictions have also found this to be an
important consideration. See Vasudeva v. United States, 214 F.3d 1155,
1161 (9th Cir. 2000) (recognizing that in determining whether a fine is
excessive, the court should take into account the income earned from the
illegal activity); United States v. 300 Blue Heron Farm Lane Chestertown,Md., 115 F. Supp. 2d 525, 528 (D. Md. 2000) (holding that t
he legislative
judgment regarding the severity of the offense is one of the most
important factors to consider in determining whether a fine is grossly
disproportional). Thus, after assessing these factors, we determine that
under the gross disproportionality standard, the fine imposed here was
constitutional.
We also find no merit in defendant's contention that the fine is
excessive when compared to defendant's financial resources available
to pay the fine. Although defendant asserts that its tax returns for
the two most recent years prior to the indictment showed that it
sustained losses of roughly $52,000.00, we find that upon closer
examination of the transcript, defendant's tax returns showed
significant assets and gross receipts (both years combined) of
approximately $858,000.00, and that its losses were mainly due to
deductions for depreciation. In addition, we note that “[d]eterrence
. . . has traditionally been viewed as a goal of punishment.”
Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 329, 141 L. Ed. 2d at 326; see also State v.
Oliver, 343 N.C. 202, 206, 470 S.E.2d 16, 19 (1996). With its
financial resources, a lesser fine may have been seen as an
“acceptable price” of conducting business and therefore not a
deterrent. We therefore conclude that defendant's $50,000.00 fine was
an acceptable punishment and not excessive.
[2]By its next assignment of error, defendant contends that the
$50,000.00 fine was excessive because defendant believed it was
engaged in activities protected by the Constitution. We do not accept
this explanation.
First, this Court has plainly held that “the dissemination of
obscenity . . . is not protected by any constitutional guarantees.” Cinema I Video v. Thornburg, 83 N.C. App. 544, 557, 351 S.E
.2d 305,
314 (1986) (emphasis omitted). Second, we note that this is not the
first time defendant Sanford Video and News, Inc. has been confronted
by the laws prohibiting the dissemination of obscenity. In fact, this
Court had the occasion to examine a conviction against another of
defendant's employees in 1996, where, as in the case sub judice, the
employee was charged with disseminating obscenity in violation of N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 14-190.1. See State v. Johnston, 123 N.C. App. 292, 473
S.E.2d 25 (1996). We therefore have difficulty believing defendant
thought its conduct was protected under either the federal or state
constitution. Regardless of defendant's beliefs, however, defendant
has not challenged its underlying conviction for disseminating
obscenity, and cannot now challenge its punishment on the theory that
its underlying conduct was not illegal.
[3]Along this same line of thought, defendant next asserts the
trial court erred by not finding the existence of statutory mitigating
factor number ten, which states that the defendant reasonably believed
its conduct was legal. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16(e)(10) (1999).
However, “[t]he failure of the [trial] court to find a factor in
mitigation urged by the defendant will not be overturned on appeal
unless the evidence in support of the factor is uncontradicted,
substantial, and there is no reason to doubt its credibility.” State
v. Lane, 77 N.C. App. 741, 745, 336 S.E.2d 410, 412 (1985). Here,
especially given the history of defendant's employee having been
convicted of this same offense, there is a significant “reason to doubt
[defendant's] credibility” that it presumed its conduct was lawful.
Id. Thus, we hold the trial court did not err in failing to find
statutory mitigating factor ten. [4]Defendant's final contention is that the trial court erred by
failing to sign the judgment form finding defendant guilty. We find
this contention to be without merit. The Administrative Office of the
Courts (“AOC”) form AOC-CR-305 provides two areas for the judge's
signature, one directly underneath the judgment, and the other located
at the bottom of the form below the section giving notice of appeal.
Therefore, we conclude that as the trial judge signed the second
signature area at the bottom of the form, this was sufficient to
constitute signing the judgment and that defendant was not prejudiced
thereby.
Affirmed.
Judges BIGGS and JOHN concur.
*** Converted from WordPerfect ***