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1. Rape--failure to repeat full instruction for each charge--plain error analysis
The trial court did not commit plain error in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under
thirteen case by failing to repeat the full jury instructions for each of the eleven counts, because:
(1) the trial court instructed the jury on each of the three elements of statutory rape as to each of
the eleven offenses; and (2) the jury was charged as to the offenses contained in the indictment,
including the alleged date of each offense.
2. Rape-_instruction--variation between allegation and proof as to time
The trial court did not err in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under thirteen case by
allegedly instructing the jury on theories of guilt not alleged in one of the indictments, because:
(1) variance between allegation and proof as to time is not material where no statute of
limitations is involved, and particularly when allegations of sexual abuse of a child are involved;
and (2) even assuming arguendo that a variation exists between the indictment and the charge, it
does not require a new trial on this count.
3. Rape--motion to dismiss--sufficiency of evidence
The trial court did not err in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under thirteen case by
failing to dismiss the charges against defendant at the close of the State's evidence and the close
of all evidence, because: (1) the State's evidence tended to show that for the entire period
encompassed by the indictments defendant was having sexual intercourse with the victim more
than twice a week; and (2) although defendant moved to another county from March 2001 until
October 2001, the victim testified that he visited her home frequently, that defendant lived with
them for a period during that time even though his address was in another county, and that their
sexual contact did not diminish during this period.
4. Evidence--prior crimes or bad acts--failure to intervene ex mero motu--remoteness
in time--common scheme or plan
The trial court did not err in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under thirteen case by
admitting evidence of other bad acts under N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) including sexual acts
with defendant's older daughter (the victim's half sister) and by failing to intervene ex mero
motu when the State argued this evidence, because: (1) when the facts surrounding a prior act are
sufficiently similar to those in a case at bar, it may be proper to admit the prior act evidence even
if over ten years have passed (although the elapsed time in this case was actually around nine
years); and (2) in light of the similarity of the incidents and in light of the unnatural character of a
father raping his own preteen daughters, the evidence was properly admitted to show a common
scheme or plan.
5. Evidence--DNA evidence--common plan scheme or plan to sexually abuse victim
The trial court did not err in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under thirteen case by
admitting DNA evidence establishing a 99.99 percent probability that defendant was in fact the
father of the victim's child even though the victim conceived the child after she left Wake
County and thus after each of the incidents for which defendant was convicted in the instant case,because: (1) evidence that defendant engaged in other sexual acts with the victim is admissible to
show that he had a common scheme or plan to sexually abuse the victim; and (2) contrary to
defendant's assertion, statements made in the closing argument cannot alter the propriety of
admitting the evidence under N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) at trial.
6. Constitutional Law--right to unanimous verdict--generic testimony
Defendant's right to a unanimous verdict was not violated by the trial court's submission
to the jury of eleven counts of first-degree rape of a child under thirteen based on the victim's
testimony that she was raped by defendant at lease twice a week for ten months, because: (1)
there was no indication that there was any confusion on the part of the jury on its duty to render a
unanimous verdict based on the six factors enumerated by our Supreme Court; (2) although the
victim gave specific testimony concerning only the first act of sexual intercourse, generic
testimony can in fact support a conviction of a defendant and the number of convictions based
upon generic testimony is not limited to one; and (3) there was no possibility that some jurors
believed some of the rapes took place and some believed that they did not.
7. Rape_-short-form indictments_-double jeopardy
The trial court did not err in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under thirteen case by
entering judgment based on short-form indictments, because: (1) short-form indictments are
specifically approved for this offense under N.C.G.S. § 15-144.1(b); and (2) the indictments in
the instant case state they are limited to conduct defendant committed in Wake County,
defendant was not tried for any acts that defendant may have committed in Harnett County, and
thus these indictments pose no danger to defendant's rights under the double jeopardy clause.
8. Criminal Law--prosecutor's arguments--defendant vile, amoral, wicked, and evil
The trial court did not err in a multiple first-degree rape of a child under thirteen case by
failing to intervene ex mero motu to limit certain remarks made by the State during its closing
argument referring to defendant as vile, amoral, wicked, and evil, because: (1) the appellate
courts of this state have declined to reverse convictions based on closing arguments referring to
defendants in the same or similar language; and (2) there is nothing in the instant case to warrant
departure from prior holdings.
Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General
Anne M. Middleton, for the State.
Stubbs, Cole, Breedlove, Prentis & Biggs, PLLC, by C. Scott
Holmes, for defendant-appellant.
STEELMAN, Judge.
Defendant is the biological father of the victim, his
daughter. The victim had little or no contact with defendant for
the first eleven years of her life. When she was eleven, she,
along with her mother and brother, moved from New York to Raleigh
to live with defendant and his girlfriend. According to the
victim's testimony, sometime in late 2000 she was sleeping in her
room when defendant came in and started touching her
inappropriately. Defendant removed her pants and underwear, and
began to rape her. The victim told defendant to stop, but he
refused and told her it would only hurt for a few minutes.
Defendant threatened to kill or hurt someone she loved if she told
anyone about what he had done.
Defendant continued to have vaginal intercourse with the
victim more than two times a week from that first time in late
2000 until at least Spring of 2002. Defendant never used a condom
during these assaults, and on 2 December 2002, the victim gave
birth to defendant's child.
After moving back to New York in February of 2003, the victim
was approached by Richard Gerbino, a police investigator, and
Kathy Bonisteel of child protective services, who had received
information that defendant was the biological father of the
victim's child. After initially denying this, the victim admitted
that defendant was the child's father, and she fully discussed the
circumstances surrounding the conception of the child. DNA testing
confirmed that defendant is the child's father.
Defendant was charged with eleven counts of first-degree rape
of a child under thirteen, and the cases were tried at the 2 August
2004 criminal session in Wake County Superior Court. The juryfound defendant guilty on all counts on 4 August 2004, and
defendant was sentenced to eleven consecutive active prison terms
of 336 to 413 months. From these judgments defendant appeals.
[1] In his first argument, defendant contends that the trial
court committed plain error in failing to instruct the jury on all
the necessary elements of each charge. We disagree.
Defendant did not object at trial to the jury instructions,
and does not now argue that the trial court incorrectly instructed
the jury on the elements of first-degree rape. A person is guilty
of rape in the first degree if the person engages in vaginal
intercourse: (1) With a victim who is a child under the age of 13
years and the defendant is at least 12 years old and is at least
four years older than the victim[.] N.C. Gen. Stat. §
14-27.2(a)(1) (2005). Defendant argues that the trial court erred
by not repeating the full jury instructions for each individual
count. The trial court instructed on the eleven counts of first-
degree rape as follows:
The defendant had been charged with 11 counts
of first degree rape. For you to find the
defendant guilty of this offense, the State
must prove three things beyond a reasonable
doubt:
First, that the defendant engaged in vaginal
intercourse with the victim. Vaginal
intercourse is penetration, however slight, of
the female sex organ by the male sex organ.
The actual emission of semen is not necessary.
Second, the State must prove that at the time
of the alleged acts, the victim was a child
under the age of 13 years.
And third, that at the time of the acts
alleged, the defendant was at least 12 years
old and was at least four years older than the
victim.
The trial court further instructed as to the specific counts:
Count number 1, if you find from the evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt between October 1,
2000 and December 31, 2000, the defendant
engaged in vaginal intercourse with [the
victim] and at the time [the victim] was a
child under the age of 13 years and that the
defendant was at least 12 years old and was at
least four years older than [the victim], it
would be your duty to return a verdict of
guilty as to count number 1.
If you do not so find or if you have a
reasonable doubt as to one or more of these
things, it would be your duty to return a
verdict of not guilty as to count number 1.
The trial court then repeated the above two paragraphs ten times,
only changing the count numbers and the dates to coincide with the
corresponding indictments. The trial court also distributed
written copies of its instructions to the jury. It is clear from
the trial court's charge that the initial instruction on the
elements of first-degree rape applied to all 11 counts. The trial
court's instructions on each count contained all three of the
elements of first-degree rape and the requirement that the jury
find each element beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant's reliance
upon the cases of State v. Bowen, 139 N.C. App. 18, 533 S.E.2d 248
(2000) and State v. Williams, 318 N.C. 624, 350 S.E.2d 353 (1986)
is misplaced. In Bowen, the trial court failed to instruct the
jury on the necessary elements of one of the charges. In this
case, the trial court instructed the jury on each of the three
elements of statutory rape as to each of the eleven offenses. In
Williams, the trial court charged the jury on an offense that was
different from that charged in the indictment. In this case, the
jury was charged as to the offenses contained in the indictment,
including the alleged date of each offense. We hold that the trialcourt properly instructed the jury on all eleven counts. This
argument is without merit.
[2] In his second argument, defendant contends that the trial
court erroneously instructed the jury on theories of guilt not
alleged in one of the indictments. We disagree.
Defendant argues that though the indictment for count number
one states the offense occurred on or about the 1st day of October,
2000, and continuing through the 31st day of December, 2000, the
jury was charged concerning that count using the language between
October 1, 2000 and December 31, 2000.
Defendant argues continuing through suggests an ongoing
action, whereas between merely suggests an enclosing time frame,
and therefore the charge to the jury demanded a lesser showing by
the State than what was charged in the indictment. [V]ariance
between allegation and proof as to time is not material where no
statute of limitations is involved. State v. Riggs, 100 N.C. App.
149, 152, 394 S.E.2d 670, 672 (1990). This is particularly true
when allegations of sexual abuse of a child are involved. State v.
Blackmon, 130 N.C. App. 692, 696-97, 507 S.E.2d 42, 45-46 (1998).
Therefore, even assuming arguendo a variation exists between the
indictment and the charge, we hold that it does not require a new
trial on this count. This argument is without merit.
[3] In defendant's third argument, he contends the trial court
erred in failing to dismiss the charges against him at the close of
State's evidence and the close of all the evidence because there
was insufficient evidence to submit the charges to the jury. We
disagree. Upon defendant's motion for dismissal, the question for the
[trial court] is whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each
essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense
included therein, and (2) of defendant's being the perpetrator of
such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied. State v.
Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 98, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980)(citations
omitted). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a
reasonable person would find sufficient to support a conclusion.
State v. Blake, 319 N.C. 599, 604, 356 S.E.2d 352, 355
(1987)(citation omitted). When reviewing a motion to dismiss based
on insufficiency of the evidence, this Court must view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the
benefit of all reasonable inferences. State v. Barnes, 334 N.C. 67,
75, 430 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1993). In addition, the defendant's
evidence should be disregarded unless it is favorable to the State
or does not conflict with the State's evidence. State v. Fritsch,
351 N.C. 373, 379, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2000).
The State's evidence tended to show that for the entire period
encompassed by the indictments defendant was having sexual
intercourse with the victim more than twice a week. Though
defendant moved to Harnett County from March 2001 until October
2001, the victim testified that he visited her home frequently and
that he lived with them for a period during that time even though
his address was in Harnett County. She further testified that the
frequency of their sexual contact did not diminish in this period.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and
giving the State the benefit of all reasonable inferences, we hold
that this evidence is sufficient to survive defendant's motions todismiss the eleven counts of first-degree rape. See State v. Bates,
172 N.C. App. 27, 35, 616 S.E.2d 280, 286 (2005); see also State v.
Wiggins, 161 N.C. App. 583, 589 S.E.2d 402 (2003). This argument
is without merit.
[4] In defendant's fourth argument, he contends that the trial
court erred in admitting evidence of other bad acts in violation of
Rule 404(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence, and further
erred in failing to intervene ex mero motu when the State
improperly argued this evidence to the jury. We disagree.
Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in
allowing the testimony of defendant's older daughter (Cindy, the
victim's half sister). Cindy testified that in 1991, when she was
twelve years old, defendant came into her room while she slept, and
began rubbing his penis against her leg. She left the room and
took refuge with her sister. Later in 1991, defendant called Cindy
to his room where he twice told her to lie down, then removed her
clothes and attempted vaginal intercourse with her. Cindy started
to cry and told defendant he was hurting her. She pushed
defendant, and he stopped. Finally, at the end of 1991 defendant
sent Cindy to the basement to put her puppy in a cage. Defendant
followed her into the basement, told her to lie on the couch, and
removed her clothes. On this occasion defendant successfully had
vaginal intercourse with the twelve year old girl. Defendant never
wore a condom during any of these encounters. Cindy told several
family members what happened, and they told defendant. Defendant
then beat Cindy with a sword. Authorities investigated the
incident, and Cindy moved from defendant's house. At her aunt's
(defendant's sister) insistence, Cindy called the authorities andtold them she did not want her father to go to jail. Defendant was
never charged for these acts.
The trial court allowed Cindy's testimony for the sole purpose
of showing a common plan, scheme, system or design. Recent cases
decided by this Court under Rule 404(b) state a clear general rule
of inclusion of relevant evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts
by a defendant, subject to but one exception requiring its
exclusion if its only probative value is to show that the defendant
has the propensity or disposition to commit an offense of the
nature of the crime charged. State v. Coffey, 326 N.C. 268, 278-
79, 389 S.E.2d 48, 54 (1990). Thus, even though evidence may tend
to show other crimes, wrongs, or acts by the defendant and his
propensity to commit them, it is admissible under Rule 404(b) so
long as it also 'is relevant for some purpose other than to show
that defendant has the propensity for the type of conduct for which
he is being tried.' State v. Bagley, 321 N.C. 201, 206, 362 S.E.2d
244, 247 (1987). Additionally, our decisions, both before and
after the adoption of Rule 404(b), have been 'markedly liberal' in
holding evidence of prior sex offenses 'admissible for one or more
of the purposes listed [in the Rule] . . ., especially when the sex
impulse manifested is of an unusual or unnatural character.'
Coffey, 326 N.C. at 279, 389 S.E.2d at 54. Such evidence is
relevant and admissible under Rule 404(b) if the incidents are
sufficiently similar and not too remote. Bagley, 321 N.C. at 207,
362 S.E.2d at 247-48.
Defendant contends that the time elapsed between the acts
testified to by Cindy and those testified to by the victim is too
great to be relevant in showing a common scheme or plan. We notethat defendant argues that the elapsed time was over thirteen
years; however, as the events testified to by Cindy occurred in
1991, and defendant's first sexual contact with the victim occurred
in 2000, the elapsed time is actually around nine years. When the
facts surrounding a prior act are sufficiently similar to those in
a case at bar, it may be proper to admit the prior act evidence
even if over ten years have passed. See State v. Penland, 343 N.C.
634, 653-54, 472 S.E.2d 734, 744-45 (1996);
State v. Frazier, 344
N.C. 611, 616, 476 S.E.2d 297, 300 (1996)
;
State v. Shamsid-Deen,
324 N.C. 437, 447, 379 S.E.2d 842, 848 (1989)
.
In the instant case, both witnesses testified that defendant,
their father, approached them in their rooms, pulled off their
clothes while they lay on their beds, attempted vaginal intercourse
despite being told to stop and that it hurt, and ultimately
succeeded in having vaginal intercourse with each daughter, one of
whom was eleven, and one of whom was twelve. Defendant never used
a condom, and engaged in, or attempted intercourse on multiple
occasions. There was also evidence that defendant threatened the
victim in an effort to prevent her from telling anyone about the
abuse; that the victim feared the defendant; that Cindy was also
fearful of defendant; and that defendant in fact beat Cindy when
she told someone of her abuse.
In light of the similarity of the incidents, and in light of
the unnatural character of a father raping his own pre-teen
daughters, we hold that this evidence was properly admitted under
Rule 404(b) to show a common scheme or plan.
[5] Defendant next contends that the trial court improperly
admitted DNA evidence establishing a 99.99 percent probability thathe was in fact the father of the victim's child, because the victim
conceived the child after she had left Wake County, and thus after
each of the incidents for which defendant was convicted in the
instant case. The State argued to the trial court at a voir dire
hearing that this evidence should be admitted both to prove a
common scheme or plan under Rule 404(b), and to corroborate the
victim's testimony. The trial court admitted the evidence without
giving an instruction as to the purposes of its admission.
Defendant never requested a limiting instruction, and does not
argue on appeal that the failure to give an instruction was error.
We therefore do not consider that question.
State v. Stevenson, 136
N.C. App. 235, 244, 523 S.E.2d 734, 739 (1999).
Evidence that defendant engaged in other sexual acts with the
victim is admissible to show that he had a common scheme or plan to
sexually abuse the victim. See State v. Thompson, 139 N.C. App.
299, 303-04, 533 S.E.2d 834, 838 (2000). We hold that the DNA
evidence showing defendant is the father of the victim's child, and
thus must have had sexual intercourse with her, was admissible to
show a common scheme or plan.
Defendant further contends in his brief that the statements by
the prosecutor in her closing argument show that this 404(b)
evidence was admitted for improper purposes. Statements made in
the closing argument cannot alter the propriety of admitting the
evidence under Rule 404(b) at trial. Because defendant does not
argue in his brief that the trial court committed reversible error
by failing to intervene ex mero motu to strike the prosecutor's
arguments, we do not address this issue on appeal.
Stevenson, 136
N.C. App. at 244, 523 S.E.2d at 739
; see also State v. Oxendine,330 N.C. 419, 422, 330 N.C. 419, 422 (1991). This argument is
without merit.
[6] In his fifth argument, defendant contends that the trial
court erred in submitting the eleven counts of first-degree rape
and the corresponding verdict sheet to the jury in violation of his
right to a unanimous verdict. We disagree.
Defendant argues that there are three situations which trigger
the possibility of a non-unanimous jury verdict: (1) generic
testimony; (2) disjunctive jury instructions; and (3) where there
is evidence of more incidents than there are criminal charges. No
argument is made by defendant that a disjunctive jury instruction
was given in this case, and we therefore do not address that issue.
We first address defendant's argument that there was evidence
of more incidents than actual charges. Defendant's argument is
based upon this Court's decision in State v. Gary Lawrence, 165
N.C. App. 548, 599 S.E.2d 87 (2004). Following the filing of
defendant's brief the Supreme Court reversed that decision per
curiam, State v. Gary Lawrence, 360 N.C. 393, 627 S.E.2d 615
(2006), in accordance with its opinion in State v. Markeith
Lawrence, 360 N.C. 368, 627 S.E.2d 609 (2006). Both of these
decisions were handed down on 7 April 2006.
The Court of Appeals in Gary Lawrence held that since there
was evidence of many more sexual acts of the defendant than the
number of charges submitted to the jury, and the trial court's
instructions to the jury did not separate the individual criminal
offenses, that the jury verdicts were ambiguous. Based upon this
conclusion, a number of defendant's convictions were reversed. In
reversing the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court relied upon itsdecision in Markeith Lawrence. This opinion rejected the Court of
Appeals rationale in Gary Lawrence, and adopted the rationale set
forth in the case of State v. Wiggins, 161 N.C. App. 583, 589
S.E.2d 402 (2003), disc. rev. denied, 358 N.C. 241, 594 S.E.2d 34
(2004). In Wiggins, the victim testified the defendant had
intercourse with her multiple times a week for an extended period
of time, but she could only specifically identify four incidents.
Defendant was charged with five counts of statutory rape (and two
counts of statutory sex offense, for which the victim gave specific
testimony). This Court held that where seven offenses (two
statutory sexual offense and five statutory rape) were charged in
the indictments, and based on the evidence presented at trial, the
jury returned seven guilty verdicts, there was no danger of a lack
of unanimity between the jurors with respect to the verdict. Id.
at 593, 589 S.E.2d at 409. In Markeith Lawrence The Supreme Court
stated: We find the reasoning of Wiggins persuasive. The Supreme
court went on to enumerate six factors that it considered in
upholding defendant's convictions:
(1) defendant never raised an objection at
trial regarding unanimity; (2) the jury was
instructed on all issues, including unanimity;
(3) separate verdict sheets were submitted to
the jury for each charge; (4) the jury
deliberated and reached a decision on all
counts submitted to it in less than one and
one-half hours; (5) the record reflected no
confusion or questions as to jurors' duty in
the trial; and (6) when polled by the court,
all jurors individually affirmed that they had
found defendant guilty in each individual case
file number.
Markeith Lawrence, 360 N.C. at 376, 627 S.E.2d at 613.
In applying
these factors to the present case, we find that:
(1) Defendant raised no objections at trial
concerning juror unanimity,
(2) The jury was instructed separately on each
of the eleven counts of first-degree rape.
The court in its instructions identified each
count by date. The trial court separately
charged the jury on the question of unanimity.
(3) The trial court submitted only one verdict
sheet, but each of the eleven counts was
broken out separately on the verdict sheet,
and was identified by date.
(4) The jury commenced deliberations at 11:53
a.m., recessed for lunch at 1:03 p.m., resumed
deliberations at 2:31 p.m., and returned its
verdicts at 4:35 p.m. The total deliberation
time for eleven counts of first degree rape
was three hours and fourteen minutes.
(5) During deliberations, the jury sent two
notes to the trial court. The first note
requested the date of the victim's birth, the
date of birth of the victim's child, and the
date defendant moved from Wake County to
Harnett County. These being factual
questions, the trial court properly declined
to answer them. Later the jury requested a
transcript of the victim's testimony. The
trial court declined to provide this. None of
these questions indicate any confusion on the
part of the jury as to its duty in the trial.
(6) There was no poll of the jury, as none was
requested by any party.
None of these factors indicate that there was any confusion on
the part of the jury on its duty to render a unanimous verdict.
Under the rationale of Markeith Lawrence, the eleven convictions of
defendant were unanimously returned by the jury.
We next turn to defendant's argument concerning generic
testimony. The decision of the Court of Appeals in Gary Lawrence
discussed in great detail the concept of generic testimony where
a victim recounts a long history of repeated acts of sexual abuse
over a period of time, but does not give testimony identifyingspecific events surrounding each sexual act. In this case, the
victim gave specific testimony concerning the first act of sexual
intercourse, which occurred prior to Christmas of 2000 (first
count). However, with respect to the remaining ten counts, the
victim testified that defendant had sex with her more than two
times a week during the time period that she resided in Wake
County. Defendant was indicted for ten counts of first-degree
statutory rape, with one count being identified as occurring in
each of the months of January, 2001 through October, 2001.
We first note that while our previous appellate cases have
discussed the concept of generic testimony in the context of
juror unanimity issues, it is in reality a sufficiency of the
evidence issue. The question is whether the State is required to
present evidence of specific and unique details of each charge to
the jury, or whether a count can be submitted to the jury based
upon the victim's testimony that repeated incidents occurred over
a period of time. In discussing defendant's third argument we have
held that the State did present substantial evidence of each
offense that was sufficient to withstand defendant's motion to
dismiss. We now discuss defendant's generic testimony in the
context of jury unanimity.
The Court of Appeals decisions in Gary Lawrence and State v.
Bates, 172 N.C. App. 27, 616 S.E.2d 280 (2005) (see also State v.
Massey, 179 N.C. App. __, 621 S.E.2d 633 (2006)) held that generic
testimony can only support one additional conviction over and above
those instances for which there was event specific testimony.
However, Gary Lawrence was reversed by the Supreme Court, and the
holding in Bates was based entirely upon the Court of Appealsdecision in Gary Lawrence. These decisions are no longer binding
precedent on the question of generic testimony. Rather, we look
for guidance to the earlier Court of Appeals decision in Wiggins,
which was specifically cited with approval by the Supreme Court in
Markeith Lawrence.
In Wiggins, the trial court submitted two counts of statutory
sex offense and five counts of statutory rape to the jury.
Defendant was convicted of all charges. The victim testified as to
two specific instances of statutory sex offense, four specific
instances of statutory rape, and in addition that the defendant had
sexual intercourse with her five or more times a week over a two
year period. The Court of Appeals held that under these facts,
there was no danger of a lack of unanimity between the jurors with
respect to the verdict. Wiggins, 161 N.C. App. at 593, 589 S.E.2d
at 409. Implicit in this decision is that generic testimony can in
fact support a conviction of a defendant. The Court of Appeals
decisions in Gary Lawrence and Bates attempt to limit the number of
convictions which can be based upon generic testimony to one.
However, no authority is cited for this proposition other than
continuous course of conduct statutes from other jurisdictions,
which Gary Lawrence acknowledges are not in existence in North
Carolina. We find no language in Wiggins which would limit the
number of convictions based upon generic testimony to one. In
this case, the testimony of the victim was that defendant had
sexual intercourse with her more than twice a week over a ten month
period. Defendant was only charged with eleven counts of statutory
rape. In holding that generic testimony can support more than one
conviction, we note the realities of a continuous course of
repeated sexual abuse. While the first instance of abuse may stand
out starkly in the mind of the victim, each succeeding act, no
matter how vile and perverted, becomes more routine, with the
latter acts blurring together and eventually becoming
indistinguishable. It thus becomes difficult if not impossible to
present specific evidence of each event. In State v. Dudley, 319
N.C. 656, 659, 356 S.E.2d 361, 363 (1987), the Supreme Court cited
with approval language from State v. Small, 31 N.C. App. 556, 230
S.E. 2d 425 (1977): Generally rape is not a continuous offense,
but each act of intercourse constitutes a distinct and separate
offense. The General Assembly has criminalized each act of
statutory rape, not a course of conduct. Any changes in the manner
in which a course of criminal conduct is punished must come from
the legislative branch and not from the judicial branch.
The evidence in this matter was that defendant raped the
victim at least twice a week for ten months. With respect to the
offenses occurring in January 2001 through October 2001, there was
no testimony distinguishing any of these events. Either the jury
believed the testimony of the victim that these rapes occurred, or
they did not. There was no possibility that some of the jurors
believed that some of the rapes took place, and some believed that
they did not. Thus, defendant's right to an unanimous verdict
under Article I, § 24, and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1201 and § 15A-
1237(b) was not violated. This argument is without merit. [7] In his sixth argument, defendant contends that the trial
court erred by entering judgment on fatally defective short form
indictments. We disagree.
Short form indictments are specifically approved for this
offense under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-144.1(b):
If the victim is a female child under the age
of 13 years it is sufficient to allege that
the accused unlawfully, willfully, and
feloniously did carnally know and abuse a
child under 13, naming her, and concluding as
aforesaid. Any bill of indictment containing
the averments and allegations herein named
shall be good and sufficient in law as an
indictment for the rape of a female child
under the age of 13 years and all lesser
included offenses.
Defendant makes no argument that the indictments in the instant
case failed to meet the statutorily required allegations, and our
review of the record shows the instant indictments are not
defective in this regard. Defendant further argues that his
constitutional right against being put twice in jeopardy was
violated because some of the indictments covered a period of time
when he resided in Harnett County; he faces additional charges in
Harnett County; and thus he is in danger of being convicted in both
Wake and Harnett Counties for the same conduct. The indictments in
the instant case clearly state that they are limited to conduct
defendant committed in Wake County. Defendant was not tried for
any acts he may have committed in Harnett County, and thus the Wake
County indictments pose no danger to his rights under the double
jeopardy clause. This argument is without merit.
[8] In his seventh argument, defendant contends that the trial
court erred by failing to intervene ex mero motu to limit certain
remarks made by the State in its closing argument. We disagree. Because defendant failed to object to this
argument at trial, our review is limited to
whether the argument was so grossly improper
as to warrant the trial court's intervention
ex mero motu. Under this standard, only an
extreme impropriety on the part of the
prosecutor will compel this Court to hold that
the trial judge abused his discretion in not
recognizing and correcting ex mero motu an
argument that defense counsel apparently did
not believe was prejudicial when originally
spoken. Defendant must show that the
prosecutor's comments so infected the trial
with unfairness that they rendered the
conviction fundamentally unfair.
State v. Anthony, 354 N.C. 372, 427-28, 555 S.E.2d 557, 592 (2001).
In the instant case, the State opened its closing argument
with the following:
Not one of us in this courtroom wants to
believe that any man is capable of doing what
this defendant is charged with doing. No one
wants to believe that such a vile, such a
amoral, wicked, evil man might live in that
community.
But ladies and gentlemen, such a man lives
here in Wake County. Such a man is seated at
the table and his name is Johnny Ray Bullock.
Defendant did not object to this argument at trial, but now
contends for the first time on appeal that the language referring
to defendant as vile, amoral, wicked and evil requires that
we reverse the verdict of the jury. The appellate courts of this
State have declined to reverse convictions based on closing
arguments referring to defendants in the same or similar language.
State v. Flowers, 347 N.C. 1, 37-38, 489 S.E.2d 391, 412 (1997);
State v. Larrimore, 340 N.C. 119, 163, 456 S.E.2d 789, 812-13
(1995); State v. Riley, 137 N.C. App. 403, 412-13, 528 S.E.2d 590,
596-597 (2000); State v. Frazier, 121 N.C. App. 1, 16, 464 S.E.2d
490, 498 (1995). We find nothing in the instant case to warrantdeparture from these prior holdings. This argument is without
merit.
NO ERROR.
Judges HUNTER and TYSON concur.
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